Retraction Policy

CJSS may retract a published article if clear evidence indicates either a major error or ethical breach. Grounds for retraction include honest error that invalidates conclusions, plagiarism, redundant publication, or serious ethical misconduct (e.g. undeclared conflicts or unethical research practices). Retractions are rare and follow COPE guidelines. If a retraction is warranted, the Journal will issue a formal retraction notice explaining the reason, linked to the original article. The retraction is clearly labeled and freely accessible, to maintain transparency. Decisions to retract are made by the Editor-in-Chief in consultation with the publisher and authors. The published record is corrected via a notice rather than removal of content. (For minor errors that do not invalidate findings, see Correction Policy below.)